Diabetes is a condition that affects the metabolism of the human body associated with controlling the level of sugar in the blood. Diabetes exists in three different types but the most common types are Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. This article aims to summarize Type 1 Diabetes basing on the current knowledge formed through extensive research on the courses, symptoms, preventive and curative measures of the disease to humans.

This paper is compiled in such a way that a reader can well understand the formation of Type 1 Diabetes and the keen measures required to be followed in curing the disease. Through extensive research on the factors and concepts surround T1D, the reader can be able to understand the theory behind the immune system, genes, and the environment that supports the formation of the disease.

The paper deeply analyses the analyses of the three facets, discussing their impact on the formation of T1D, from birth to early signs and symptoms and even beyond.Understanding the concepts of the formation of the disorder through the learning of its pathogenesis and its natural history forms a roadmap towards the preventive measures, cure, and even reversal of the condition. All of the concepts are discussed in-depth in this paper which ends with a clear conclusion of the report and providing future recommendations that can help mitigate this disorder.

Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes

Type I Diabetes is commonly called Insulin-Dependent Diabetes since patients who suffer from the disease require the injection of insulin for survival. Typically, the condition of Type 1 Diabetes is caused by a process called autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β cells which responsible for the secretion of insulin (Yoon & Jun, 2005). The disease is commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents usually presented in trio symptoms including polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. The effects of the disease require exogenous insulin replacement which is a medicinal introduction to the disease. The therapeutic practice of the medicinal introduction lasts for a lifetime.

What disorder does is to attack the cells present in the pancreases which are responsible for the secretion of insulin. Failure of the production of pancreatic insulin causes instabilities in the regulation of the amount of glucose I the body. Extensive researches are done in the watch of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization suggests that the disease is common among children and young adults.

The amount of pancreatic β cells fails to regenerate hence limiting the production of insulin. Research shows that the remaining cells are incapable of regenerating but tests have done suggesting that the cells cannot deplete to zero. Insulin is used by the body to retrieve glucose from the bloodstream for metabolism purposes but due to lack of enough insulin, the body starts using its fats and oils to generate energy (Boldison& Wong, 2016). The process used by the body to generate its energy by utilizing the fats and proteins causes the victims of Type 1 Diabetes to lose weight.

Environmental Influence

Type 1 Diabetes is considered as an autoimmune disorder engineered by the autoreactive CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T-cells. The T-cells usually are responsible for the progression of Type 1 Diabetes in the sense that they recognize pancreatic antigens including GAD or insulin and then proceed to attack the pancreatic β cells responsible for the secretion of insulin (Paschou et al., 2018).

There are also studies done on migrants concerning the spread of the disease. According to research, migrants are subjected to new environments that trigger the formation of the condition.

From the analysis and research from different organizations and individuals, Type 1 Diabetes is mainly caused by a severe attack of the cells producing insulin. This process called autoimmune disorder is mainly susceptible to children and young adults at the age of adolescents. The deprival of the insulin-generating cells puts the victim to an exposed condition of acquiring Type 1 Diabetes.

Symptoms

How can one tell that they are suffering from diabetes? Is there a way that one can tell they are a diabetes victim? The most common way to tell is depending on the level of glucose concentration in the blood. For Type 1 Diabetes, the level of glucose absorbed from the blood lowers the average amount due to lack of enough insulin for absorbing them into the cells.

Early signs and symptoms of the condition are very mild such that it becomes nearly impossible for one to tell they are suffering from the disease. It is most common for people suffering from Type 2 Diabetes since the signs and symptoms of the disorder are hard to tell at the early stages until the victim gets complications from severe damage of the disease (Miller et6 al., 2018).

For Type 1 Diabetes, the signs and symptoms are easy to tell from the early stages of the disorder (a few days or few weeks) but are also severe. The section below includes some of the early symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes.

Hunger and Fatigue

The human body converts the food we eat into glucose which is then converted into energy needed by cells in the body. The process used by cells to absorb glucose requires insulin which is produced in the pancreas. If the body has no enough insulin or the body rejects the little insulin produced but the body, then the cells will not absorb enough glucose hence causing weakness and making one feel hungrier due to lack of energy.

Urinating more Often and Becoming Thirstier

A healthy person can pee for an average of four to seven times in a day while a person with diabetic disorder can pee more than that. The explanation behind that is because, for a normal person, glucose is reabsorbed in the kidney thus reducing the formation of urine. For a person suffering from diabetes, glucose in the bloodstream is not reabsorbed at a higher rate due to the low supply of insulin. This condition results in the formation of urine at a higher rate thus making the diabetic patient pee more often. What happens for peeing severally is that the body absorbs more water in the body thus causing dehydration which makes the victim thirstier.

Dry Mouth and Itchy Skin

Due to increased absorption of water from the body in the formation of urine, the body becomes dehydrated thus causing dry mouth and itchy skin.

Blurred Vision

Due to the change of fluid levels in the body, the cells and tissues surrounding eye lenses swell up thus causing abnormal focus which causes a blurred viewing.

Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

There is no cure for Type 1 Diabetes. The only means to cure the disorder is through prevention measures for those not victims and applying control measures to those already affected.The cause of the disorder as mentioned earlier in this paper is the lack of insulin in the body to absorb glucose in the body cells. The only treatment that can help these patients is through the administration of insulin into the body that can control the sugar levels in the body (Orchard et al., 2015).

Apart from this curative measure, other measures can be administered to patients which include cholesterol drugs, blood pressure drugs. Other measures to mitigate the disease are doing enough exercise and maintaining body weight.

Report Summary and Conclusion

Type 1 Diabetes also called juvenile diabetes is common to children and young adults. The major cause of the disorder is due to the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β cells found in the islet or islets of Langerhans. The process results in a reduction in the production of insulin in the body thus affecting the absorption rate of glucose.

Patients suffering from this disorder have early signs of dry skin, blurred vision, peeing regularly, and when the disease is severe, the patient can suffer from hypertension and loss of weight. The reason for one to have regular peeing is because the kidney becomes unable to reabsorb glucose in the blood.

One of the curative measures is to inject the patients with insulin which helps in reducing the glucose levels in the blood. Other preventive measures include physical exercise which can reduce the concentration of glucose in the body.

References

Boldison, J., & Wong, F. S. (2016). Immune and pancreatic β cell interactions in type 1 diabetes. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 27(12), 856-867

Miller, K. M., Foster, N. C., Beck, R. W., Bergenstal, R. M., DuBose, S. N., DiMeglio, L. A., … &Tamborlane, W. V. (2015). The current state of type 1 diabetes treatment in the US: updated data from the T1D Exchange clinic registry. Diabetes care, 38(6), 971-978

Orchard, T. J., Nathan, D. M., Zinman, B., Cleary, P., Brillon, D., Backlund, J. Y. C., &Lachin, J. M. (2015). Association between 7 years of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes and long-term mortality. Jama, 313(1), 45-53.

Paschou, S. A., Papadopoulou-Marketou, N., Chrousos, G. P., & Kanaka-Gantenbein, C. (2018). On type 1 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. Endocrine Connections, 7(1), R38-R46

Yoon, J. W., & Jun, H. S. (2005). Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. American journal of therapeutics, 12(6), 580-591