LIST AND BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT ZONES OF THE ADRENAL GLAND, THE HORMONES PRODUCED BY EACH, AND THE STIMULI FOR THAT PRODUCTION.

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1. Answer all parts of this question:
a) List and briefly describe the different zones of the adrenal gland, the hormones
produced by each, and the stimuli for that production. (10 marks)
b) Briefly describe the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the
regulation of cortisol production. (6 marks)
c) Briefly describe the suspected pathophysiology of critical illness related
corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI). (5 marks)
d) Describe a sound approach to the diagnosis and treatment of CIRCI in veterinary
medicine. Include in your answer: (14 marks)
i. The current evidence for the existence of CIRCI in dogs.
ii. How the diagnosis and treatment strategies in veterinary medicine
differs from human medicine.
e) Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with regard to the response to
haemorrhage. (9 marks)
f) Briefly describe the mechanisms of action of two (2) drugs from different classes
used in the treatment of congestive heart failure that directly interfere with the
function of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (4 marks)
g) Describe the mechanism of action of catecholamine vs. non-catecholamine
vasopressor agents, providing specific examples. (12 marks)